What would the Buddha have said? Monkeys have been trained to put
themselves into a Zen-like trance – but out of desire for marshmallows
rather than enlightenment.
Neurofeedback involves teaching people to regulate their brainwaves and so control their state of mind by measuring the electrical activity of the brain and showing them that information. It is showing promise for reducing symptoms associated with epilepsy, ADHD and anxiety disorders, but it has been difficult to rule out the possibility that an enhanced awareness of the disease or a placebo effect is responsible, rather than the neurofeedback itself.
Mindful monkeys
To find out, Philippens and her colleague Raymond Vanwersch attached electrodes to the brains of marmoset monkeys to pick up electroencephalogram (EEG) signals
from the brain. Rather than showing the monkeys the EEG signal, as
might be done in humans, Philippens and Vanwersch simply gave them a
marshmallow reward every time they tuned their brain activity to a
certain frequency range – in this case, 12 to 16 hertz.
In humans, this frequency is
associated with a relaxed but focused state of mind. "It's like
meditation," says Philippens. "When you see the monkeys doing it, they
look very restful but they have focus, like they are staring at
something," she adds.
Two of the four monkeys tested learned
to put themselves into this state within two training sessions; the
others took four sessions to get the hang of it.
The monkeys may not realise that they
are changing their brain activity, but it does show that they can
consciously change their mood or state of mind, says Philippens. "This
is an initial step for a much-needed scientific basis to neurofeedback."
Journal reference: NeuroReport, DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283360ba8
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